Dorthy Day Essays - Catholic Workers, Christian Anarchists

Dorthy Day Dorothy Day It seems that to some people that they give more so society than others, but than there is one woman, who gave her life to society to help others though giving and sharing and helped people through a time of need. Yet there seems to be few there is. Dorothy Day, patron of the Catholic Worker movement, was born in Brooklyn, on New York, November 8, 1897. After surviving the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, the Day family moved into a tenement flat in Chicago's South Side. It was a big step down in the world made necessary because Dorothy's father was out of work. Day's understanding of the shame people feel when they fail in their efforts dated from this time. It was in Chicago that Day began to form positive impressions of Catholicism. Day recalled. when her father was appointed sports editor of a Chicago newspaper, the Day family moved into a comfortable house on the North Side. Here Dorothy began to read books that affected her conscience. Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, inspired Day to take long walks in poor neighborhoods in Chicago's South Side. It was the start of a life-long attraction to areas many people avoid. Day won a scholarship that brought her to the University of Illinois campus at Urbana in the fall of 1914. However, she was a reluctant scholar. Her reading was chiefly in a radical social direction. She avoided campus social life and insisted on supporting herself rather than living on money from her father. Dropping out of college two years later, she moved to New York where she found a job as a reporter for The Call, the city's only socialist daily. She covered rallies and demonstrations and interviewed people ranging from butlers to labor organizers and revolutionaries. She next worked for The Masses, a magazine that opposed American involvement in the European war. In September, the Post Office rescinded the magazine's mailing permit. Federal officers seized back issues, manuscripts, subscriber lists and correspondence. Five editors were charged with sedition. In November 1917 Day went to prison for being one of forty women in front of the White House protesting women's exclusion from the electorate. Arriving at a rural workhouse, the women were roughly handled. The women responded with a hunger strike. Finally they were freed by presidential order. Returning to New York, Day felt that journalism was a meager response to a world at war. In the spring of 1918, she signed up for a nurse's training program in Brooklyn. Her conviction that the social order was unjust changed in no substantial way from her adolescence until her death. Her religious development was a slower process. As a child, she attended services at an Episcopal Church. As a young journalist in New York, she would sometimes make late night visits to St. Joseph's Catholic Church on Sixth Avenue. The Catholic climate of worship appealed to her. While she knew little about Catholic belief, Catholic spiritual discipline fascinated her. She saw the Catholic Church as the church of the immigrants, the church of the poor. In 1922, while in Chicago working as a reporter, she roomed with three young women who went to Mass every Sunday and holy day and also set aside time each day for prayer. It was clear to her that worship, adoration, thanksgiving, supplication ... were the noblest acts of which we are capable in this life. Her next job was with a newspaper in New Orleans. Living near St. Louis Cathedral, Day often attended evening Benediction services. Back in New York in 1924, Day bought a beach cottage on Staten Island using money from the sale of movie rights for a novel. She also began a four-year common-law marriage with Forster Batterham, an English botanist she had met through friends in Manhattan. Batterham was an anarchist opposed to marriage and religion. In a world of such cruelty, he found it impossible to believe in a God. By this time Day's belief in God was unshakable. It grieved her that Batterham didn't sense God's presence within the natural world. How can there be no God, she asked, when there are all these beautiful things? His irritation

Right to Work Policy

Right to Work Policy Generally, the â€Å"right to work† policy is defined as a regulation allowing employees to join labor unions at will. It is not mandatory for an employee to join any union as a condition to get or hold a particular job. Unions are created to negotiate with employers on issues such as pays, preeminence, working conditions, welfares, and benefits related to work (Vargas 164).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Right to Work Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, employers do not become part of the union. This policy makes it unlawful for employees and employers to negotiate an agreement demanding everybody (benefiting from a union agreement) to pay any charges for administration. However, this policy does not force any individual to be part of the union. Currently, the federal law already provides an assurance that no individual should be obliged to join any union, or to pay any charges or subscriptions to a political or social organizations they do not advocate for. Actually, right to work policy lets some employees to get the benefits of a union agreement such as fortification against haphazard discipline, higher salaries and other compensation benefits without having to pay any charges related to negotiation on these issues. There continues to be lots of debate on the advantages and disadvantages of the policy. In this research paper, both the major arguments for and against the use of this policy is presented. In addition, an honest opinion about right to work policy is also described at the end of the paper. Right to work policy implies that an employee cannot get dismissed from his or her job for failure to pay union charges or agency fees even if they continue to enjoy the benefits of the union’s aptitude to collective bargaining. The proponents of this policy cite several advantages. First, right to work policy provides more in-state job opportunities for younger employees. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, between 2000 and 2011, there has been a growth of approximately 11.3% in the number of individuals, whose ages range between 25 to 34 years (staying in the states) that have adopted right to work policy. Conversely, states that have not embraced this policy reported an increase of only 0.6 % over the same period. This indicates that younger employees are settling in these states because they find more opportunities there than in non-right to work states. This could be attributed by several advantages that this policy offers to an employer. For instance, a right to work policy offers an increased suppleness to institute wages as well as compensation levels since the corporation is not mandated to use the compensation levels as fixed in a collective bargaining contract. This implies that employers have freedom of managing their company without any external interference thereby increasing the opportunities for business activities (Holley 53)Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another advantage of right to work policy is that there is an increase in wages. The data obtained from Bureau of Economic Analysis and Bureau of Labor Statistics indicate that inflation-attuned worker compensation of the private sector in states that have adopted right to work policy increased by 12% between 2001 and 2011. However, over the same period there was only an increase of 3% in the non-right to work states. This is because right to work policy does not require any assets, on the part of employer, devoted labor negotiations or issues like obligatory disciplinary procedures. Besides, the fact that workers are not forced to pay part of their income to union implies that their remuneration is increased by the margin they should have paid to the union. This provides employees with freedom of spending their hard earned cash and improves their overall living standards. Greater employment opportunities and employment fortifications regulated by the state laws results into low unemployment. Actually, according to national Institute for labor relations research, there was an employment increase of 3.7% in right to work states between 1999 and 2009 while a decline of 2.8% was experienced in non-right to work states. In overall, right to work states accounted for 72% of employment growth in the United States from 2009 to 2012. Other advantages of right to work policy include conservation of workers choices and employees have freedom of deciding their own representation (Gall 43). However, some labor activists argue that the policy derails the unions, hurt workers, destabilizes the middle class, and impedes the growth of local economies. According to them, this policy does not create jobs in spite of the proponent’s claim to the opposite. For example, unionization escalates the labor costs hence making some regions less attractive for investments. This implies that the major objective of the right to work policy is to weaken unions and consequently lower pays in a state, therefore drawing more corporations there. However, what it does is hurting employees by reducing their pays and benefits and thus making workplaces more precarious for all employees regardless of whether they are unionized or not by waning unions. Unions play vital roles in negotiating not only better terms of work but also working conditions. Generally, unionized workers have the capacity to bargain better salaries, welfares and work conditions as compared to individual bargaining. Without unions, employees will not have a strong collective bargaining power and thus companies will not offer better working terms and conditions for their workers (Vanti 18).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Right to Work Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contextually, this policy also derails the prosperity of the middle class in diverse contexts. Unions provide well-built middle class by negotiating for viable compensations/benefits, heartening residents to vote, supporting social security, and advancing family-leave welfares. This provides workers with a ‘voice’ in only in their democracy but also in the labor market. In right to work states, where most employees are not unionized, there are relatively weak middle class. The ratio of income apportioned to the middle class, defined as middle 60% of the total population, in these states falls lower than the domestic average. Additionally, right to work policy also affects small companies. Since few trivial companies are ever unionized, altering union conventions will not affect them. When right to work lower salaries and benefits of employees from these regions, they also loom to decrease the number of employments in the economy by declining consu mer demand (Paz-Fuchs 64). In analyzing these arguments, even though right to work policy could seem to have advantages, there is no strong relation of how it creates employment and improves the welfare of employees. Instead, right to work policy weakens unions that push for better terms and work conditions of employees. In overall, the consequence of this weakens the middle class and economy in the long run. Accordingly, it is vital to agree that these policies will create job opportunities and fortify local economies. This policy is against the democracy and rights of employees. Gall, Gilbert. The Politics of Right to Work: The Labor Federations as Special Interests, 1943-1979. New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 1988. Print. Holley, William. The Labor Relations Process. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Paz-Fuchs, Amir. Welfare to Work: Conditional Rights in Social Policy. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008. Print.Advertising Looking for research paper on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vanti, Aerschot. Activation Policies and the Protection of Individual Rights: A Critical Assessment of the Situation in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011. Print. Vargas, Ines. The Right to Work and the Situation of Workers. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute, 1985. Print.

Project Management - Project Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Management - Project Report - Coursework Example This entailed gathering of the necessary information needed to begin the project as well as the features that it would have to meet the needs of the stakeholders. For this reason, the team established a proper communication system that aided in collecting relevant information. The scope of the project geared towards addressing the structural, technological and environmental challenges. In terms of schedule management, the work on the project was under strict timeframe with every activity having a deadline. This ensured listing of the activities, milestones and deliverables of the project with the intended commencement and completion dates. Cost management ensured that the completion of the project happened within the budget. Thus, the project underwent regular budgetary reviews that enabled better planning and allocation of funds (Airport-technology.com, 2015). Risk management was necessary to ensure that there were intervention plans in case of any need. The project considered the asbestos and electric risks. During the entire project, there were some energy saving measures that came into consideration. The management provided that a competitive and open tender process occurred so that the ideal people received contracts (‘Project Management Institute’, n.d). The planning and project execution team carried out their responsibilities with a high level of professionalism and effectiveness. Some budgetary changes happened to ensure that everything went as planned. The entire project team was able to handle all the challenges correctly, and all issues of contentment received consideration. The delivery of the project happened within the scheduled timeframe and to the standards that applied for the entire project. This ensured that the project was a

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) Essay

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) - Essay Example The department’s yearly budget targets protection of over a hundred thousand youths while at the same time strengthening families around the commonwealth (Working at the Department of Children and Families, 2011). The paper will also focus at the type of work done at the department with the employees who are family centered, child driven, community focused, strength based, commitment to continuous learning as well as being committed to cultural/diversity competences. The paper will also discuss the various national and state policies that aim at preventing mistreatment of the children and preserving their rights. The American citizen as well as professionals associated with child health believes that parents have the responsibility of caring and nurturing their children while protecting them from harm. However, the state may be allowed to intervene in cases where the parents have failed to honor their duties and in cases of abuse. The children and family department aims at ensuring that children thrive and grow in a home environment that is nurturing. The approach sometime often entails making challenging and difficult decisions in which children are removed from their home environment and placed in environment that are more stable. The department is able to deal with numerous problems that affect children and their families such as abandonment, neglect and suspected child abuse. Such issues have raised concerns and the authorities have taken measures to stop them from happening in the community. The children and family departments have put in place various legislations with the intention of ensuring that people who suspects abuse of children have a mandate to report through telephone or any mean so that the children may be rescued and transferred to a better environment. One of the goals of the department is to stop neglect and child abuse. The department receives numerous reports of neglect and abuse of chi ldren

Transformational Change Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Transformational Change Management Plan - Essay Example Apple is an American tech giant and a multinational corporation whose headquarters is in Cupertino in California, USA. Apple is in the business of designing, developing and selling computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers and online services. So as to save time and cut costs, Apple normally outsources thousands of its manufacturing jobs to such countries as China, Mongolia, Taiwan and Korea. Thus the manufacturing of high-tech products such as iPhone has steadily moved to Asia from the US over the past decades. Thus, Apple, considered, a market leader in the smartphone industry in regard to manufacturing, is totally dependent on outsourcing/offshoring manufacturing, especially in China-a relatively low cost nation (Moyer, 2012). Apple’s stakeholders welcomed the move since the company tremendously reduced its manufacturing time and cost, two very critical elements in the lifeline of any company. Thus, in 2007, when Apple’s founder Steve Jobs needed a glass screen for the iPhone barely a few weeks before its launch, suppliers in America claimed it was not possible. Nevertheless, a factory in China, built a dormitory even before any contract was signed so that its workers could start a 12-hour shift. After the sealing of the deal, 8,000 employees were woken from sleep, provided with tea and biscuit and began fixing glass screens into the iPhone so as to produce ten thousand iPhones on a daily basis. That is how a Chinese factory helped save the situation by revamping manufacturing of the iPhone barely weeks before it appeared on shelves. Eventually, Apple had redesigned the screen of the iPhone at the last minute, resulting in an overhaul of the assembly line. New Screens started arriving at the factory near midnight. Apple executives were impressed by the flexibility and speed which no American factory could match. Thus,

Approaches to Data Cleaning

Approaches to Data Cleaning Data Cleaning approaches: generally, data cleaning contains several steps Data Analysis: A detailed analysis is required to check what type of inconsistencies and errors are to be resolved. An analysis program should be used along with manual analysis of data to identify data quality problems and to extract metadata. Characterization of mapping rules and transformation workflow: We might have to execute a great amount of data cleaning and transformation steps depending upon the degree of dirtiness of data, the amount of data sources and their level of heterogeneity. In some cases schema transformation is required to map sources to a common data model for data warehouse, usually relational model is utilized. Initial data cleaning phases organize data for integration and fix single –source instant complications. Further phases deal with data/schema integration and resolving multi-source glitches, e.g., redundancies. Workflow that states the ETL processes should specify the control and data flow of the cleaning steps for data warehouse. The schema associated data conversions and the cleaning steps should be quantified by a declarative query and mapping language to the extent possible, to allow auto generation of the conversion program. Along with it there should be a possibility to call user written program and special tools during the process of data transformation and cleaning process. A user opinion is required for data transformation for whom there is no built in cleaning logic. Verification: The accuracy and efficiency of a conversion process and transformation designs should be verified and assessed on a sample data to improve the definitions. Repetition of the verification, design and analysis phases may be required because some faults may appear after performing some conversions. Transformation: Implementation of the transformation phase either by running the ETL process for refreshing and loading a data warehouse or during returning queries from heterogeneous sources. Reverse flow of transformed data: once the single source problems are resolved the transformed data should be overwritten in the base source so that we can provide legacy programs cleaned data and to escape repeating of the transformation process for future data withdrawals. For the data warehousing, the cleaned data is presented from the data staging area. The transformation phase requires a huge volume of metadata, such as, workflow definitions, transformation mappings, instance-level data characteristics, schemas etc. For reliability, tractability and reusability, this metadata should be kept in a DBMS-based repository. For example the consequent table Customers holds the columns C_ID and C_no, permitting anyone to track the base records. In the next sections we have elaborated in more detail probable methodologies for data examination, conversion definition and conflict determination. Along with it there should be a possibility to call user written program and special tools during the process of data transformation and cleaning process. A user opinion is required for data transformation for whom there is no built in cleaning logic. The accuracy and efficiency of a conversion process and transformation designs should be verified and assessed on a samp le data to improve the definitions. Repetition of the verification, design and analysis phases may be required because some faults may appear after performing some conversions. Transformation: Implementation of the transformation phase either by running the ETL process for refreshing and loading a data warehouse or during returning queries from heterogeneous sources. Reverse flow of transformed data: once the single source problems are resolved the transformed data should be overwritten in the base source so that we can provide legacy programs cleaned data and to escape repeating of the transformation process for future data withdrawals. For the data warehousing, the cleaned data is presented from the data staging area. The transformation phase requires a huge volume of metadata, such as, workflow definitions, transformation mappings, instance-level data characteristics, schemas etc. For reliability, tractability and reusability, this metadata should be kept in a DBMS-based reposito ry. To maintain data excellence, thorough data about the transformation phase is to be stored, both in the in the transformed occurrences and repository , in precise information about the extensiveness and brilliance of source data and extraction information about the source of transformed entities and the transformation applied on them. For example the consequent table Customers holds the columns C_ID and C_no, permitting anyone to track the base records. In the next sections we have elaborated in more detail probable methodologies for data examination, conversion definition and conflict determination. DATA ANALYSIS Metadata mirrored in schemas is usually inadequate to evaluate the data integrity of a source, particularly if only a small number of integrity constraints are imposed. It is therefore necessary to examine the original instances to get actual metadata on infrequent value patterns or data features. This metadata assists searching data quality faults. Furthermore, it can efficiently subsidize to recognize attribute correspondences among base schemas (schema matching), based on which automatic data conversions can be developed. There are two associated methods for data analysis, data mining and data profiling. Data mining assists in determining particular data forms in huge data sets, e.g., relationships among numerous attributes. The focus of descriptive data mining includes sequence detection, association detection, summarization and clustering. Integrity constraints between attributes like user defined business rules and functional dependencies can be identified, which could be utilized to fill empty fields, resolve illegitimate data and to detect redundant archives throughout data sources e.g. a relationship rule with great certainty can suggest data quality troubles in entities breaching this rule. So a certainty of 99% for rule â€Å"tota_price=total_quantity*price_per_unit† suggests that 1% of the archives do not fulfill requirement and might require closer inspection. Data profiling concentrates on the instance investigation of single property. It provides information like discrete values, value range, length, data type and their uniqueness, variance, frequency, occurrence of null values, typical string pattern (e.g., for address), etc., specifying an precise sight of numerous quality features of the attribute. Table3. Examples for the use of reengineered metadata to address data quality problems Defining data transformations The data conversion phase usually comprises of numerous steps where every step may perform schema and instance associated conversions (mappings). To allow a data conversion and cleaning process to produce transformation instructions and therefore decrease the volume of manual programming it is compulsory to state the mandatory conversions in a suitable language, e.g., assisted by a graphical user interface. Many ETL tools support this functionality by assisting proprietary instruction languages. A more common and stretchy method is the use of the SQL standard query language to accomplish the data transformations and use the chance of application specific language extensions, in certain user defined functions (UDFs) are supported in SQL:99 . UDFs can be executed in SQL or any programming language with implanted SQL statements. They permit applying a extensive variety of data conversions and support easy use for diverse conversion and query processing tasks. Additionally, their impleme ntation by the DBMS can decrease data access cost and thus increase performance. Finally, UDFs are part of the SQL:99 standard and should (ultimately) be movable across many stages and DBMSs. The conversion states a view on which additional mappings can be carried out. The transformation implements a schema rearrangement with added attributes in the view achieved by dividing the address and name attributes of the source. The mandatory data extractions are achieved by User defined functions. The U.D.F executions can encompass cleaning logic, e.g., to eliminate spelling mistakes in city or deliver misplaced names. U.D.F might apply a significant implementation energy and do not assist all essential schema conversions. In specific, common and often required methods such as attribute dividing or uniting are not generally assisted but often needed to be re-applied in application particular differences. More difficult schema rearrangements (e.g., unfolding and folding of attributes) are not reinforced at all. Conflict Resolution: A number of conversion phases have to be identified and performed to solve the numerous schema and instance level data quality glitches that are mirrored in the data sources. Numerous types of alterations are to be executed on the discrete data sources to deal with single-source errors and to formulate for integration with other sources. Along with possible schema translation, these preliminary steps usually comprises of following steps: Getting data from free form attributes: Free form attributes mostly take numerous discrete values that should be obtained to attain a detailed picture and assist additional transformation steps such as looking for matching instance and redundant elimination. Common examples are address and name fields. Essential transformations in this phase are reorganization of data inside a field to comply with word reversals, and data extraction for attribute piercing. Authentication and alteration: This step investigates every source instance for data-entry mistakes and attempts to resolve them automatically as much as possible. Spell-checking built on dictionary searching is beneficial for finding and adjusting spelling mistakes. Additionally, dictionaries on zip codes and geographical names assist to fix address data. Attribute reliance (total price – unit price / quantity, birth date-age, city – zip area code,†¦) can be used to identify mistakes and fill missing data or resolve incorrect values. Standardization: To assist instance integration and matching, attribute data should be changed to a reliable and identical form. For example, time and date records should be transformed into a defined form; names and other string values should be changed to lower case or upper case, etc. Text data might be summarized and combined by stop words, suffixes, executing stemming and removing prefixes. Additionally, encoding structures and abbreviations should continuously be fixed by referring distinctive synonym dictionaries or implementing predefined transformation rules.

The Social Construction of Workers’ Collectivism Essay -- Unions

Union renewal depends largely on increased member participation, generating and maintaining strong collective identities and mobilization of union resources. It was further contended that collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals. These processes highlighted the importance of trade union leaders’ ability to construct and sustain workers’ collective identity and interest via strategies which seek to broaden the relevancy of trade unionism. In a time when worker collectivism is in a decline, the relevant question is to what extent is this possible? According to Muckenberger (1995), the decline of trade unionism in terms of density and the importance of trade unions as socio-political actors are often interpreted as representing the decline of worker collectivism. The underlying assumption that were put forth of the decline from literature has been the ascendancy of individualization over coll ectivism. There has a socio-cultural transformation whereby working class values of collectivism have given way to more individualistic orientations (Hyman 1999). Trade unions were formerly built on pre-existing solidarities such as the principle of collective identity that predated capitalist employment relationships. Collective experience at work was complemented by domestic life in nearby shared recreational, cultural and religious pursuits. In a nutshell, trade union was an institution embedded in an encompassing social landscape (Hyman 2002). The shift from collectivism to individualism was the result of the growth in affluence, skills level and geographical mobility, which enable acquisitive individualism overriding collective interests (Brown 1990). It was fu... ... a national labour centre that is representative of trade unions in Malaysia, it is in the process of rebranding itself as serious political actor in light of new opening, with broader aggregation of political and social interest. This research intend to looks at ways in which union leaders in MTUC is going to construct its identity and organization and reshape Malaysian workers’ views on the nature of trade unionism. In conclusion, it is argued that structural factor such as level of employment and institutional and legal frameworks of industrial relations create more or less favourable condition for collectivization of workers. However, they themselves may not generate workers’ collectivism, since collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals by union leaders and activists.

In Latin and other languages, Fluxus literally means flow and change Essay

In Latin and other languages, â€Å"Fluxus† literally means â€Å"flow† and â€Å"change.† Similarly, the related English word â€Å"flux† is used variously to mean â€Å"a state of continuous change†,†a fusion.† Fluxus ideas were prevalent well before the 1960’s, growing with the idea of intermedia, but first summarised, exemplified and presented in a festival jointly organised by the German, Joseph Beuys, and Lithuanian-born architect and designer, George Maciunas. It was Maciunas’ desire to show the work of a specific group of people, sharing the same thoughts on art at the time and it was he who coined the name Fluxus. The Fluxus performance festival held at the Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sseldorf Art Academy on 2-3 February 1962 was a significant historical marker in the early development of the Fluxus group. Numerous Fluxus and Fluxus-type festivals and activities continued to be presented in Europe throughout the 1960’s after which the focus shifted to New York. Fluxus has been described as â€Å"the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties.† Fluxus differs from most art in being purely conceptual. Characterized by a strongly Dadaist attitude, Fluxus promoted artistic experimentation mixed with social and political activism, an often celebrated anarchistic change. Although Germany was its principal location, Fluxus was an international avant-garde movement, active in major Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and American cities. Its participants were a divergent group of individualists whose most common theme was their delight in spontaneity and humour. Fluxus members avoided any limiting art theories, and spurned pure aesthetic objectives, producing such mixed-media works as poems, mail art, silent orchestras, and collages of such readily available materials such as scavenged posters, newspapers, and other ephemera. Their activities resulted in many events or situations, often called ‘Actions’ or as known in the USA, ‘Happenings’, which were works challenging definitions of art as focused on objects. Street theatre was very popular as were other performances such as concerts of electronic music. An account given by the American Fluxartist Dick Higgins described the sort of happening you would expect at one of his Fluxconcerts. This particular description is from the concert at Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sseldorf and it had become a kind of set piece for these festival performances. Higgins described his arrangement, Constellation No 4 as follows: â€Å"Each performer chooses a sound to be produced on any instrument available to him, including the voice. The sound is to have a clearly defined percussive attack and a delay which is no longer than a second. Words, crackling and rustling sounds, are excluded because they have multiple attacks and decays†¦Each performer produces his sound as efficiently as possible, almost simultaneously with the other performers sounds. As soon as the last decay has died away, the piece is over.† A person, who attends a Fluxconcert, after the first shock, typically gets caught up in the spirit of it and begins to enjoy it, without consciously knowing why. What the recipient sees is coloured by his or her perception of it and instinctively he or she is matching horizons, comparing expectations, participating in the process; the more actively he or she does so, the more likely they will be able to enjoy the experience. In 1981 Dick Higgins Wrote a list of nine criteria that he suggested central to Fluxus: 1. internationalism 2. experimentalism and iconoclasm 3. intermedia (a term employed by Dick Higgins to describe an art form appropriate to people who say there are no boundaries between art and life) 4. minimalism or concentration 5. an attempted resolution of the art/life dichotomy 6. implicativeness (an ideal Fluxus work that implies many more works) 7. play or gags 8. epehmerality 9. specificity (work to be specific, self-contained and to embody all its own parts) Clearly not every work is likely to reflect all nine of these characteristics or criteria, but the more of them a work reflects, the more typically and characteristically Fluxus it is. Similarly not every work by a Fluxartist is a Fluxwork; typically Fluxartists do other sorts of work as well. The group pioneered these ideas at a time when their thoughts and practices in the world around them were distinct from the art world and different from the world of other disciplines in which Fluxus, would come to play a role. Like Duchamp, many Fluxus pieces (most notably the performance ones), are often characterised by their taking of a very ordinary event from daily life, and their being framed as art by being presented on stage as a performance situation. A collection of Fluxus works will inevitably include some pieces which are untransformed from life. Their significance is their ability to transform viewers’ horizons. According to Joseph Beuys, Fluxus intended to â€Å"purge the world of bourgeois sickness . . . of dead art,† to â€Å"promote a revolutionary flood and tide in art, anti-art, promote non art reality . . .† and to â€Å"fuse the cadres of cultural, social, and political revolutionaries into a united front and action.† I was particularly interested in the work of Joseph Beuys on view at the Tate Modern. He was a shaman, showman, teacher and tireless debater. He used the detritus of daily life in his work; materials representing energy such as fat, felt, wax, honey, and copper, iron, bronze and batteries. His use of felt and fat in particular relates back to his near death experience in World War II when he used the two materials to keep him warm. *Show Pictures* Most of his pieces have changed through time, relying as they do on materials that decay, ferment, dry up, or change colour. â€Å"Since life is in a constant state of flux,† he reasoned, â€Å"art, in order to bring itself closer to life, must be similarly ephemeral.† It was thus, in change, that Beuys sought to bring about the ultimate unity between art and life. Many of the Fluxartists were poor and could not afford to work with fine and costly materials. The sense that if Fluxus were to incorporate some element of ongoing change – flux -that the individual works should change. Many objects therefore were made of ephemeral materials, so that as time went by the work would either disappear or would physically alter itself. A work such as this made a strong statement rather than a work that would last throughout the ages in some treasure vault. Many of the Fluxartists work, such as Robert Fillous’s works have disappeared into thin air. A good example of this is the work we looked at in the lecture last week entitled ‘The artists breath’ by Yves Klein. George Maciunas planned to create a Fluxus Board of Directors which he would head from the Headquarters in New York. Maciunas wrote a letter to Thomas Schmit, in the form of a Fluxus manifesto, as which it is often referred. He stated that: * Fluxus objectives are social and not aesthetic * The gradual elimination of fine arts (music, theatre, poetry, fiction, painting, sculpture, etc.) was motivated by the desire to stop the waste of material and human resources and divert it to socially constructive ends such as: Industrial design, journalism, architecture, engineering, graphic-typographic arts, printing etc. * The movement was against the art-object as non-functional commodity to be sold and to make a livelihood for an artist. * It could have the function of teaching people the needlessness of art. Therefore teaching that a work should not be permanent * Fluxus is therefore anti-professional * Against art as a medium or vehicle promoting artists ego. * Applied art should express the objective problem to be solved not by the artist’s personality or ego. * Fluxus art should tend towards the collective spirit, anonymity and anti-individualism * Fluxus concerts and publications are at best transitional and temporary until such time that artists find other employment. Maciunas states that it is of utmost importance that the artist finds a profession from which he can make a living. * He says that there is no such thing as a professional revolutionary. Revolution is for participation of all and that a revolutionary should not practice something he is trying to overthrow or even worse, making a living from it, and that the best revolutionaries practice what they preach. * Fluxartists should not make a living from their Fluxus activities but find a profession (like applied arts) by which he would do best Fluxus activity. * The best Fluxus composition is a most non-personal, ready-made one. * Fluxus way of life is 9am to 5pm working socially constructive and useful work – earning your own living, 5pm to 10pm spending time on propagandizing your way of life among other idle artists and collectors and fighting them, 12pm to 8am sleeping (8 hours is enough) * You cannot live off your family because then you are being just as parasitic as artists living off the society, without contributing anything constructive. Maciunas also calls the need for copyright arrangements. * Authorship of pieces would eventually be destroyed, making them totally anonymous – thus eliminating the artist’s ego. The author would be Fluxus. Maciunas says â€Å"We can’t depend on each artist to destroy his ego. The copyright arrangement will eventually force him to it if he is reluctant.† May I also add at this point, Robert. C .Morgan, art critic, writer, artist and poet says that ‘By creating the absence of authorship, Fluxus has revived itself as a significant tendency in recent art.’ However, no one really wanted to sign the manifesto set out by Maciunas. Dick Higgins says that ‘We did not want to confine tomorrow’s possibilities by what we today. That manifesto is Maciunas’ manifesto, not a manifesto of Fluxus.’ George Brecht notes that: â€Å"Fluxus encompasses opposites.† â€Å"Consider opposing it, supporting it, ignoring it, changing your mind.† Clearly, with Fluxus, normal theoretical positions do not apply. They are not intended to do the same things as say a Jackson Pollock painting. It does not mimic nature in any narrative way. It does not attempt to move the listener, viewer or reader emotionally or intellectually. The Fluxartist does not even begin to reveal him-or herself through the work. The reception of Fluxus, its popularity, influence and in general, its acceptance, varies considerably. A Fluxperformance or an exhibition of Fluxus works attended by a person uneducated about the Fluxus field is apt to having an interesting and pleasurable experience. For most avant-guard art, one needs to know quite a considerable amount of art history in order to get ones bearings enough to be able to fuse one’s bearings and horizons and experience pleasure. There is a progressive intellectualism of the audience, thus more ideas of what will, or should happen. The spectators of a Fluxwork have to learn that these ideas are not under attack and that they are simply irrelevant to the work at hand. There are two bodies of people whose hostility towards Fluxus is profound. These are: 1. Groups of art professionals who work in art institutions and galleries. Fluxworks do not lend themselves easily to becoming precious objects which are sold or beautiful fetishes to immortalize the donor. It has more the quality of a souvenir or a sacred relic than or an exquisitely wrought product of fine craftsmanship. 2. Secondly, it is the artists who are ‘good’ in whatever it is that they do, but who are not good enough to be really secure in it.Such artists feel threatened by Fluxus. Victor Cousin’s phrase of 1816 says of art: ‘It is done for the love of it -‘for its own sake’. The Fluxus Collective believed that if value came to be attached to the work then great! But the work must be un-commercial in its very nature. -Conclusion- Fluxus is more important as an idea and a potential for social change than as a specific group of people or collection of objects, action and life activity. Fluxus tried to eclectically organise itself around the advantages of existing strategies at the same time that it attempted to avoid their abuses. Fluxus was committed to social purpose but opposed the authoritarian means by which it was historically achieved. Today, it is clear that the radical contribution Fluxus made to art was to suggest that there is no boundary to be erased between art and life. The Fluxus movement does not present correct political or social views – all the elements behave democratically. Not one piece dominates another. The movement sees a world inhabited by individuals of equal worth and value. By chance, this movement entered the scene, and changed the worldwide view previously held. For a group of artists who sought the reunification of art & life, the current institutionalization of Fluxus is paradoxical, yet the subversive nature of their project; the challenge to hierarchy and authoritarianism, still persists today

Tenessee Williams essays

Tenessee Williams essays Thomas Lanier Williams was born on March 26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He lived a traditional home and had two other siblings. He had one sister named Rose and a brother named Brian. His father was a shoemaker and his mom was a housewife who stayed home and cooked and cleaned. His father and mother were repeatedly in fights about their wealth. His father was a raging alcoholic and often fell asleep with his liquor bottle in his hand. As he grew up he moved from state to state looking for a place to settle down. When he moved to New Orleans he changed his name to Tennessee because Tennessee is the state that where his father was born. In the 1950's many things were happening that made life hard. Some of these problems were things that all Americans were facing such as WWII and the end of the depression. These two events are huge factors because when the soldiers came back from the war they were looking for the money that they were promised, because of the depression the government did not have them money that they had to give out. When this happened they taxed the families of America just like the Williams family. With these taxes going on Tennessee's parents got in many fights. His parents like all Americans only made about 12,000 dollars a year. As he grew up he was into writing. Tennessee's had many great works. The ones that were widely known though out the county were "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "A Street car Named Desire" and, "The Glass Menagerie". In the words of (It was one of Williams best play know to date, If not it was by for his most powerful play.) William Becker. This play has to deal with his own life more then another one of his play because he based it on his own family and his extremely harsh childhood. Another part of his life also comes out in all of his plays and especially this one such as him being a homosexual, and an alcoholic. This play is a great example of this because Magic or his sister...

Have you ever bullied or been bullied Essay Example

Have you ever bullied or been bullied Essay Example Have you ever bullied or been bullied Essay Have you ever bullied or been bullied Essay Have you ever bullied or been bullied BY JbaileY731 Have you ever bullied or been bullied? If you have bullied or been bullied then you should know how bullying feels like. Bullying is very negative and creates major problems for our society. Nothing good comes out of bullying. It could very well change or ruin a persons life. In fact, it does ruin many peoples lives. Kids can be mentally scarred if they are teased often. Even worse, they could be killed or fatally injured if the bullying gets extreme. There are many causes for bullying which must be taken care of before bullying can be stopped. T. V. iolence, families in poverty, and mis-teachings are Just several of the many serious causes for bullying. Bullying must be stopped or prevented no matter how long it will take, it is a deeply concerning matter. Bullying does not always have to be childish play. it can be extremely violent. People may be bruised, injured, or even killed. Kids under bad influence may turn very violent. Parents, relatives, friends, T. V. , music and pictures may all i When we think of bullying, images of playground confrontations spring to mind. Such as kids being pushed around at recess, having their hair pulled in the hallway, or eased on the school bus. It is often treated as Just kids being kids, and with minor and short-term consequences. However, this is not Just an issue of childhood. Research shows that the effects of bullying can persist into adulthood, affecting both the victim and the bully for the rest of their lives. The very act of bullying is a dangerous one for both parties. Bullying produces strong feelings of fear, shame, embarrassment and guilt in the victim. : Bullies use threats to keep their victims quiet, in exactly the same way that abusers (including child sex abusers) silence their targets. The short-term effects of bullying can be profound. Research has shown that children who are bullied at school are likely to exhibit the following symptoms: Unhappy in school More withdrawn Less considerate of peoples feelings More adjustment problems Increased anxiety Increased depression Many of these effects of bullying can be short term, but there are also long-term consequences. In particular, if the bullying continues for a prolonged period of time. Children who are routinely bullied are: At greater risk of depression and lower self- esteem later in life Likely to suffer from loss of confidence More likely to report migraine headaches Prone to miss more school because of excused and unexcused absences Likely to experience increased problems with family life and relationships At higher risk for More likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use More likely to engage in self-destructive behaviors Many of the symptoms are the same as those seen in people suffering from post- traumatic stress disorders. A recent report by the UK Charity Kidscape reported that people who were bullied as children carried the problems with them into later life. Some of the issues included suicidal thoughts, homicidal thoughts, and difficulty relating to people and family. This is corroborated by researchers from the Yale School of Medicine, who found a strong connection between bullying, being bullied and suicide in children. This is not Just a problem for boys. Girls are Just as likely to bully, using social exclusion as a weapon of choice. The long-term effects of this can be devastating experts believe that this type of social bullying is directly responsible for creating the low self-esteem that leads women towards a path of abusive relationships, unwanted regnancies, drug and alcohol addiction and a range of poor self-image issues such as anorexia and bulimia. The effects of bullying arent Just limited to the victims however recently, researchers have found that six out of ten kids identified as bullies in middle school are convicted of a crime by the time they reach age 24. The effects of bullying behavior on the perpetrators might even be seen in areas that may at first glance seem unrelated children whose teachers reported severe persistent behavior problems (including bullying) at 7, 11 and 16 had more than double the risk f Chronic Widespread Pain in adulthood compared with children without behavior problems. Worryingly for educators, there is a new type of bullying that has emerged in the past decade cyber bullying. It is estimated that around 10 percent of all adolescents in grades 7-9 are victims of internet bullying. What is so damaging about this type of bullying is that the victim is never left alone the abuse continues during evenings and weekends. Victims can be harassed continuously via SMS and websites, with information spreading quickly. Once posted, the insults can be difficult to emove, and the perpetrator is often difficult to identify. Psychologists believe that understanding how bullying affects people in adulthood is vital when we turn eighteen and leave school we dont leave all these experiences behind us. Rather, we carry them with us, affecting almost every area of our lives. What Are The Effects of Bullying? Being the victim of bullying can have a tremendous negative impact. Numerous studies on the effects of bullying have found that victims of bullying may be more: withdrawn depressed anxious insecure shy lonely isolated voidant of school, places, or activities Is Being Bullied a Traumatic Event? Given the negative effects of bullying, some have questioned whether bullying could be considered a traumatic event that could lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to the 4th version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a traumatic event that can lead to PTSD must meet the following criteria: The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event where there was the threat of or actual death or serious injury. The event may lso have involved a threat to the persons physical well-being or the physical well- being of another person. The person responded to the event with strong feelings of fear, helplessness or horror. So, in severe cases of bullying, it is very possible that these conditions could be met, setting the stage for the development of PTSD symptoms. However, other cases of bullying, although definitely stressful, may not be considered traumatic. Where To Go For Help When it comes to bullying, adults are often unaware of bullying problems with their children. One study found that almost three quarters of teachers believe that they hould almost always intervene when it comes to bullying. However, only one quarter of their students agreed with this. Therefore, when it comes to bullying it is very important to know what to look for and how to intervene. Fortunately, the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services has developed a website for both children and adults on bullying called Stop Bullying Now!. This website is an excellent resource that provides tips on how to identify, cope with, and stop bullying. The About. com Guide to Pediatrics also provides information on bullying.

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example In 2002 a site in Yucca monutain range in the state of Nevada wasproposed as the central repository site for the disposal/burial of the nuclear waste produced throughout the country. This site was proposed as the best site for the purpose due to its geographical location as this muntain range is located far away from the cities. However some environmentalists still raised issues against the depositing of nuclear waste in this area and then in the year 2010 this bill was terminated by the Obama administration. The reasons proposed by the administration were that of environmental issues but they are considered to be more of beurocratic reasons as the proposal was highly rejected by the Nevada state and the senator from nevada. The termination of this site as a repository left the state with no other options for the disposal of nuclear waste and the government was forced to dispose off the nuclear waste on or near the site of nuclear plants, some of which are located close to cities and propose a high risk of radioactivity as well as any accident in those plants could cause heavy damage to the people living near those areas. Brumfiel, G. (n.d.). Nuclear waste storage: Why did Yucca Mountain fail, and what next? - Slate Magazine.  Politics, Business, Technology, and the Arts - Slate Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2013, from

The Problem of Increasing Litigation Costs Case Study

The Problem of Increasing Litigation Costs - Case Study Example The case of Weissensteiner was important in that it raised the issue of circumstantial evidence pointing to the accused’s guilt, however, the Court held that the failure of the accused to give evidence did not itself construe an implication of guilt. The Court stated clearly that in an accusatorial trial, the failure of an accused to give evidence â€Å"cannot fill any gaps in the prosecution case† (Weissensteiner @50) and it cannot be used as a factor in determining whether the prosecution has proved its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore the failure of a witness to give evidence was not to be associated with inferences of guilt.             Section 20(2) of the Evidence Act states clearly that the judge or other parties may comment on the failure of the accused to provide an explanation for evidence that exists against him. Therefore, the position taken by the judges in the RPS case was a valid one. Firstly, in their judgment, the silence of the accused was not excused in the manner of Weissensteiner. The prosecution, in this case, failed to call a witness that it should have and Justices questioned: â€Å"whether in the circumstances, the jury should entertain a reasonable doubt about the guilt of the accused†(RPS@633). Secondly, in this case, the Court applied a similar reasoning as it did in the case of Azzopardi v The Queen, where it stated that the position the Court adopted in Weissensteiner would be justified only if â€Å"there is a basis for concluding that there additional facts which would explain or contradict the inference which the prosecution seeks to have the jury draw.†   Thirdly,   Justice McHugh also commented on the history of the right to silence and adopted the position that the right to silence allowed to the accused was no more than an â€Å"invention of lawyers† to protect their clients from incriminating themselves. (Azzopardi @101). The position taken in the majority opinion of Judges in the RPS case was that the Jury could reasonably draw an adverse inference if the accused failed to give evidence since his silence would amount to a tacit admission of guilt.