The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic Theory The five atomic theorys of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Begining with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers belived that everything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress untill 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter based on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable and indestructable particles. 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass. 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have different masses. 4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements." 1 All of Dalton's ideas account for the laws of definate and multiple proportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Dalton's points are still thought to be true, but over time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube" (Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a negative charged particle was the cause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He also discovered that these particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles are now known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the proton was discovered. This led Thomson to conclude that ther were an equal number of both particles present in the atom. Twelve years later Lord Ernest Rutherford was experimenting with alpha particles. He shot a stream of them at a peice of gold foil surrounded by zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash of light. The particles mostly stayed in a constant stream through the foil, but a few were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that there must be a small, dense cluster of protons in the middle of the atoms to deflect the small number of particles. Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. He explained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay in orbit around the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to the nucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. When the orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

Food and Agriculture in Mauritius Essay

Traditional Foods Are: Foods in their original form, as they were Created– not modernized, not processed or not packaged. They may be Foods that have a long history of supporting to good health, whole and nutrient-dense. Foods that are simple and basic: meat and poultry, eggs, whole grains, fish, beans and legumes, vegetables, fruit, nuts and seeds, dairy, fats. The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of Creole, Chinese, European and Indian influences. It is common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal. Mauritius has had strong ties with French culture throughout its history and was left with a very French â€Å"savoir vivre†. Even today, the popularity of French dishes like the bouillon, tuna salad,daube, show the prevalence of French culture in Mauritius. As years passed by, some have been adapted to the more exotic ingredients of the island to confer some unique flavor. During the 19th century, after the abolition of slavery, Indian workers who migrated to Mauritius brought their cuisine with them. Those indentured labourers came with their own culinary tradition, depending on the region. Traces of both Northern and Southern Indian cuisine can be found in Mauritius. Some common preparations are curry, chutney, rougaille(tomato paste that is very popular with fish) and pickles, most of which use local ingredients. The Mauritian versions of those dishes have a local flavour and differ, at times considerably, from the original Indian recipes. The end of the 19th century saw the arrival of Chinese migrants, who came mostly from the south-eastern part of China. They are largely credited with making rice, the staple diet of the island, and making noodles, both steamed and fried, popular. Chinese appetizers such as hakien (local version of the spring roll with a flour batter replacing the traditional rolled wrapping), crispy chicken and crispy squid have become part of the Mauritian folklore. Furthermore, Chinese and other Asian restaurants are present all around the island, and offer a variety of chicken, squid, beef, mutton andfish dishes, most typically prepared in black bean sauce or oyster sauce. Mauritian families often consider a dinner at an Asian restaurant as a treat. Along the years, each of the country’s communities have adapted and mixed each other’s cuisine to their liking. Mauritian ‘street food’: For most Mauritians, daily practice is to eat during the daytime on the street sides, street stalls or in small local restaurants. This is a recommended way for the tourist to discover the local traditional food, enjoying the tastes of Mauritius and do so at cheap prices. Very popular common â€Å"street food† is the Indian specialties of â€Å"dholl puries† or â€Å"rotis†. In the big cities you will also find many stalls offering Chinese noodles. You will also find the gato piment, samousas, kebabs, bryanis. There’s also the fruit saladwhich which consists of cucumber, pineapple, apple, tamarind and chilli sauce. And also coconut water that tourists like drinking. These usuallyfound on the beaches. But The hygiene in many of the stalls may be below average and may cause problems to those with a sensitive stomach, so when choosing the street stalls be sure that the place is hygiene and the food is fresh and not exposed to the sun. Fast foods in mauritius: Another alternative is to go to one of the many fast food joints which can be found in every town and in the main villages. The number of the fast food joints has increased drastically in the last few years, and today it is possible to find many international fast food chains such as: McDonalds, KFC, Burger king, Pizza Hut, next to local fast food brands. You can find fast food serving hamburgers, pizzas, Indian food, chicken, and many more. Additional rather cheap alternative to dine out is the Chinese restaurants. These restaurants can be found in all the tourist’s areas and also in the city centers. You can find there delicious Chinese and Creole food, including also alcoholic drinks at rather low prices in comparison to other restaurants. Mauritius Restaurants and hotels There are many beach restaurants, village restaurants and many modern style restaurants in the main tourist’s areas and in the city centers offering selection of specific cuisines: Italian, Chinese, French, Japanese, Mexican, Mediterranean etc, and restaurants focusing on specific food types (seafood, teak and grill, vegetarian etc). Today in the hotels and also in the tourists centers, it is possible to find a big selection of restaurants which offer an extensive range of different cuisines. : types of religious food: Food is an important part of religious observance and spiritual ritual for many faiths including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. The role of food in cultural practices and religious beliefs is complex and varies among individuals and communities. Mauritius is one of the rare countries that is made up of the different traditions and customs of those who have settled on this remote island during the last 400 years. The unique blend of European, Indian, Chinese, African and Arab culture is evident in all aspects of Mauritian life: there are fesitvals like chineese festivals where: eid-dul-fitr bryani is commonly cooked, during easter chocolate is mostly eaten. On ougadi a special chutney is prepared which consists 6 different tastes and each ingredient represent (sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust and surprise). The different tastes, symbolises the fact that life is a mixture of different experiences. Cavadee lemon juice is prepared. Agriculture in mauritius: The production of rum is common throughout the island. [citation needed] Sugar cane was first introduced on the island when the Dutch colonised it in 1638. Even then, the propensity of making rum out of sugar cane was strongly recognised. Sugar cane was mainly cultivated for the production of â€Å"arrack†, a precursor to rum. Only much later, after almost 60 years, the first proper sugar was produced. citation needed] However, it was during the French and English administration that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economical development of the island. [citation needed]It was Pierre Charles Francois Harel who in 1850 initially proposed the concept of local distillation of rum in Mauritius. Agriculture today: The agricultural sector in Mauritius is very much dominated by sugar. Ever since The cultivation of sugar was introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century, sugar and agriculture have been the backbone of the economy. Even today, in spite of tremendous efforts in industrialising and diversifying the economy, sugar remains an essential component. Though in terms of foreign earnings, it has been overtaken by both the export of wearing apparel and tourism, in terms of plus value and employment it is of the greatest importance. The importance of sugar and other agricultural activities to the island can be gauged by the simple fact that around 45% of the island is covered with sugarcane fields and about 4% is for other diverse agricultural activities. In the 60’s there were about 25 sugar factories, by 1990 it had dropped to 19, in 1995 there were 17 left and in 2001 there were only 16 still operating. But today it has been centralised. That is there is only four sugar factories;one in the north south east and west on the island. The vegetable crops that produced in Mauritius are , maize, onion, garlic, potato, tomatoes, carrots,chiles, green leafy vegetables, egg plants. There are also herbs like thym, mint, parsely and corriander. the local fruits that are produced are pineapple, letchis, mangoes, papaya, goyavas . hese fuits and vegetable are mostly sold freshly in the market but those that are sold in the hypermarket maynot be fresh at times. Some people in mauritius prefer growing vegetables for their own consuption and this can help them to save and also assure them that the vegetables are fresh. The factors that affect the crops is mostly the weather. The fruits and vegetable can be sold at cheaper prices if they are in season. But it become rather expensive when the crops have been badly affected by acyclone or when it is off season.

Whats a Good ACT Writing Score

For the current ACT administered in the 2017-18 academic year, the average writing score is a 7 on a 12-point scale. For the 2015-16 ACT, the average writing score was a 17 on a 36-point scale. This number is nearly four points lower than average ACT Composite scores, a fact that caused a lot of anxiety and confusion among test-takers and eventually led to ACT reintroducing the 12-point scale.   Do You Need the ACT Plus Writing? Ever since the SAT evolved to include a written component, more and more colleges changed their policies to require ACT students to take the optional Writing Test (see the list of colleges that require ACT Plus Writing). Hundreds of more colleges recommend the Writing Test, and if a selective college recommends something, you should probably do it. After all, strong writing skills are an essential part of college success. As of March 2016, the SAT no longer includes a required essay section, and were already seeing many colleges dropping the ACT writing exam as a requirement for admission. Time will tell if this trend continues. However, it is still a good idea to take the ACT Plus Wiring if 1) the colleges youre looking at recommend the test; and 2) you have solid writing skills. Theres no reason to take a recommended exam if youre likely to perform poorly on it. Unless the writing exam is required, take it only if you think it will strengthen your college application. Strong writing skills are essential to college success, so the score certainly can play a positive role in the admissions equation if you get a high score. The Current 12-Point Writing Exam (September 2016 to the Present) An average score on the current ACT Writing Exam is a little below a 7. For highly selective colleges, youll want a score of 8 or higher. Scores of 10, 11, and 12 truly stand out and highlight strong writing skills. Score Percentile 12 100 (top 1%) 11 99 (top 1%) 10 98 (top 2%) 9 93 (top 7%) 8 84 (top 16%) 7 59 (top 41%) 6 40 (bottom 40%) 5 18 (bottom 18%) 4 9 (bottom 9%) 3 2 (bottom 2%) 2 1 (bottom 1%) ACT Writing Score Percentiles Unfortunately, for the past couple of years, almost no colleges report ACT writing scores to the Department of Education, so its difficult to learn what score ranges are typical for different types of colleges. Later in this article, however, youll see data from the pre-2015 12-point ACT writing exam, and those numbers can give you a pretty accurate sense of what scores will be competitive at different schools. The 36-Point Writing Exam (September 2015 to June 2016) Beginning in September of 2015, ACT changed the Writing Exam from a 30-minute to a 40-minute exam, and the score range changed from a 12-point scale to a 36-point scale. This change in scoring has created some controversy, for many students have found that their writing scores are significantly lower than their other ACT scores. The makers of the ACT note that writing scores are typically 3 to 4 points lower than the English subscore, or the ACT Composite score (read more here on the ACT website). Score Percentile 36 100 (top 1%) 35 99 (top 1%) 34 99 (top 1%) 33 99 (top 1%) 32 99 (top 1%) 31 98 (top 2%) 30 98 (top 2%) 29 97 (top 3%) 28 95 (top 5%) 27 95 (top 5%) 26 92 (top 8%) 25 88 (top 12%) 24 86 (top 14%) 23 78 (top 22%) 22 68 (top 32%) 21 64 (top 36%) 20 58 (top 42%) 19 52 (top 48%) 18 44 (bottom 44%) 17 40 (bottom 40%) 16 34 (bottom 34%) 15 25 (bottom 25%) 14 21 (bottom 21%) 13 18 (bottom 18%) 12 15 (bottom 15%) 11 11 (bottom 11%) 10 9 (bottom 9%) 9 7 (bottom 7%) 8 3 (bottom 3%) 7 3 (bottom 3%) 6 2 (bottom 2%) 5 2 (bottom 2%) 4 1 (bottom 1%) 3 1 (bottom 1%) 2 1 (bottom 1%) 1 1 (bottom 1%) ACT Writing Score Percentiles The above data is from  this table  on the ACT website. These scores on the 36-point scale are based on four subscores in the following categories: Ideas and analysis: Do you clearly state your perspective and explain the relationship between your ideas and other perspectives?Development and support: Are you ideas convincingly backed up with examples and reasoning?Organization: Do your ideas flow clearly and logically from one to the next? Does your essay  build  an argument (rather than present disjointed points)?Language use and conventions: Is your language clear? Is the essay unburdened by problems with grammar, syntax, word choice, punctuation, and mechanics? Is the style and tone of the essay appropriate for your audience?   Each of these categories  is scored using a 12-point scale, and those scores are combined and then converted to a 36-point score.    The 12-Point, Pre-September 2015 Writing Exam Before September of 2015, the ACT Writing Exam was scored on a 12-point scale. The percentiles for the 12-point scale were as follows: 12 - top 1% of test-takers11 - top 1% of test-takers10 - top 1% of test-takers9 - top 5% of test-takers8 - top 13% of test-takers7 - top 49% of test-takers6 - bottom 39% of test-takers5 - bottom 14% of test-takers4 - bottom 9% of test-takers3 - bottom 4% of test-takers2 - bottom 2% of test-takers You can see that an average SAT Writing Test score is about a 7. If you score up in the 10, 11 or 12 range, you are among the very top test-takers in the country (the percentages above are from the ACT websites National Ranks for ACT Scores and are based on data from 2013 to 2015) To see how your writing score measures up to other applicants, the data below shows the scores for the 25th and 75th percentile of matriculated students at certain colleges. In other words, half of all enrolled students scored somewhere between the lower and upper numbers (note that this is  not  current data). Harvard University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Kent State University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 6 / 8 MIT†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Northwestern University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Ohio State University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 SUNY New Paltz†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 Syracuse University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 9 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 University of South Florida†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 University of Texas, Austin†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 9 You can see that you dont need a perfect 12 to get into the most selective colleges in the country (or a 36 with the current grading system). In fact, a 9 or 10   (28  to 36 with the new scoring system) puts you in a strong position even at schools like Harvard and MIT. Keep in mind that your ACT Writing Test score is just a tiny part of your application. Your overall ACT composite score matters more than any individual section of the exam. A strong application also needs to include glowing letters or recommendation, a winning essay, and meaningful extracurricular involvement. Most important of all is a strong academic record.